This paper presents an alternative way of connecting the BBS with the WG and PV. A multimode control for WG aggregated to a BBS unit for remote applications is presented by Barote, Marinescu, and Cirstea ( Citation2013). The goals are mainly to achieve the maximum power-tracking and to control the magnitude and frequency of the output voltage. ( Citation2010) and Bhuiyan and Yazdani ( Citation2009) and they present another stand-alone system containing a WG, a hydro generator and a BBS. A BBS with WGS for a single-phase stand-alone structure is described by Li et al. The literature demonstrates the efficacy of using BBS to support the wind generator system (WGS) random nature (Barote, Marinescu, & Cirstea, Citation2013 Bhuiyan & Yazdani, 2009 Li, Joos, & Belanger, 2010). Supercapacitors may supply a great amount of energy in a short time complementing power quality (PQ) requirements, and slower storage systems are not capable of having a comparable performance.īattery-based storage (BBS) combined to wind WG and PV is commonly found in real-world applications. On the other hand, storage for energy applications is demanded when there is a need for a high time response. Pumped hydro and batteries are examples of power storage suited for bulky systems (Chakraborty, Simões, & Kramer, Citation2013). Storage for power applications is designed to supply power for a long timescale (hours). There are also differences between power and energy storage concepts. So, the way the energy is stored depends on the application. They have different power density, volume and time response. There are several configurations to store energy, such as batteries, compressed air, flywheel, supercapacitor and pumped hydro. Storage systems are very important in order to support PV and WG integration, since wind and solar energy may not fully satisfy the instantaneous power balance. Power electronic inverters are used to control active/reactive power, frequency, and support grid voltage during faults (Angela, Liserre, Mastromauro, & Aquila, 2013 Li, Haskew, Swatloski, & Gathings, Citation2012). For such systems, the control scheme is designed to perform the management of power during fluctuation of wind and load demand (Barote, Marinescu, & Cirstea, Citation2013 Bhende, Mishra, & Malla, Citation2011 Lagorse, Simoes, & Miraoui, Citation2009). Wind stand-alone systems are used to supply isolated loads requiring energy storage to manage the variable load demand. Both of them may operate in grid-tied or stand-alone conditions. The most promising renewable sources are wind and solar energy. Finally, an output filtering module filters the AC output of the inverter (Reznik, Simões, Al-Durra, & Muyeen, Citation2014). In both cases, once an appropriate DC voltage is achieved from converters, a grid-connected inverter (GCI) module is used in order to convert the primed DC voltage to grid-compatible AC power (Harirchi, Simões, Al-Durra, & Muyeen, 2015 Harirchi, Simões, Babakmehr, Al-Durra, & Muyeen, Citation2015). Likewise, for DG systems with DC output voltage (such as photovoltaic (PV), fuel cells or batteries), a DC–DC converter is typically needed to boost the DC voltage level to the appropriate DC level (Carnieletto, Brandao, Suryanarayanan, Farret, & Simoes, 2010 Lute, Simoes, Brandao, Durra, & Muyeen, Citation2014). Therefore, these DGs need an AC–DC converter to surpass the input distortion and frequency variation effects before merging to an AC-compatible grid voltage. DG systems such as wind, micro-turbine, IC engine or flywheel storage, generate AC output voltage usually with variable frequency. It is very important to design appropriate power electronics for integration of renewable energy sources to the grid. Such power generation units associated with their energy management and demand side control techniques are normally called m icrogrids, and when such microgrids have a high degree of control, integration with the utility and users, and several functionalities, they are called s martgrids (Chakraborty, Weiss, & Simoes, Citation2007). DG has a smaller size compared to traditional power plants. Currently, distributed generation (DG) systems, which are composed of both renewable and non-renewable energy micro-sources, have been integrated into the power system's distribution level (Bhende, Mishra, & Malla, Citation2011 Kroposki et al., Citation2006). Recently, renewable energy sources have been applied as a long-term and promising solution to such energy challenges. Therefore, new electrical power resources and new ways of integration to the transmission or distribution grid are required. As society needs more improvements in technology and in social advancements, more electrical energy is needed. The power delivery industry faces the continuous growth of electrical energy consumption.
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